Linux Runlevels
by Vinu Thomas
Linux systems today generally use eight runlevels. Runlevels define
what services or processes should be running on the system. The init
process can run the system in one of eight runlevels. The system runs
only one of the eight runlevels at a time. The main runlevels are from
0 – 6. Here's what each runlevel is for
Runlevel 0: Halt System - To shutdown the system
Runlevel 1: Single user mode
Runlevel 2: Basic multi user mode without NFS
Runlevel 3: Full multi user mode (text based)
Runlevel 4: unused
Runlevel 5: Multi user mode with Graphical User Interface
Runlevel 6: Reboot System
Runlevels 1 and 2 are generally used for debugging purposed only, and
are not used during normal operations. Most desktop linux distributions
boot into runlevel 5, which starts up the Graphical Login Prompt. This
allows the user to use the system with X-Windows server enabled. Most
servers boot into runlevel 3, which starts the text based login prompt.
Linux runlevels can be changed on the fly using the init tool. If you
want to switch from text based operations to the Graphical Interface,
you just have to type in 'telinit 5' in the
root prompt. This will bring up the Graphical Interface in your system.
Each runlevel can be configured by the system administrator. The "/etc/inittab"
file has information on which runlevel to start the system at and lists
the processes to be run at each runlevel.
Each runlevel has its own directory structure where you can define
the order in which the services start. These directories are located
in the /etc/rc.d/ directory, under which you have rc1.d, rc2.d, rc3.d….
rc6.d directories where the number from 0 through 6 that corresponds
to the runlevel. Inside each directory are symbolic links that point
to master initscripts found in /etc/init.d or /etc/rc.d/init.d.
You can also change the runlevel at boot time. If your system uses
LILO as the boot manager, you can append the runlevel to the boot command
:
LILO: linux 3 or
LILO: linux 5
If your system uses GRUB, you can change the boot runlevel by pressing
the `e' key to edit the boot configuration. append the runlevel to the
end of the boot command as shown:
kernel /vmlinuz ro root=/dev/hda1 5
Vinu Thomas is a consultant on Web design and Internet Technologies.
His website is http://www.vinuthomas.com.
You can read more articles
on Linux @ http://www.vinuthomas.com/sections-listarticles-6.html
